Is There A Vaccine For Streptococcus Pneumoniae

Whats The Difference Between Pcv13 And Ppsv23

• Both vaccines help prevent pneumococcal complications like bacteremia and meningitis.
• Youll need more than one pneumonia shot during your lifetime. A 2016 study found that, if youre over 64, receiving both the PCV13 shot and the PPSV23 shot provide the best protection against all the strains of bacteria that cause pneumonia.
• Dont get the shots too close together. Youll need to wait about a year in between each shot.
• Check with your doctor to make sure youre not allergic to any of the ingredients used to make these vaccines before getting either shot.

• a vaccine made with diphtheria toxoid
• another version of the shot called PCV7
• any previous injections of a pneumonia shot

• are allergic to any ingredients in the shot
• have had severe allergies to a PPSV23 shot in the past
• are very sick

Immunizing Effect Of Colonization

Colonization increases anti-capsular and anti-protein antibody levels. Experimental data from murine models show that colonization is an immunizing event and protects against subsequent colonization and disease,. Experimental human carriage studies have confirmed that colonization increases nasal, lung and serum antibody levels,,. Moreover, these studies corroborated observations in murine models, demonstrating the protective effect of colonization against reacquisition of the same strain up to 1 year following the first colonization episode. Serotype-specific or strain-specific immunity seems to be required for this protection, as challenge of volunteers following a known natural carriage episode with a strain of a different serotype did not result in increased protection. These infection studies also showed that colonization increases levels of S. pneumoniae-specific CD4+ T memory cells in the blood and lungs in humans. In mice, anti-pneumococcal CD4+ T cells are sufficient, and the T helper 17 cell response is necessary for efficient clearance,. The importance of TH17 immunity in natural colonization has yet to be confirmed, although a low ratio of TH17 to T regulatory cells correlates with colonization in children and increases with age as colonization frequency decreases.

The State Of Gbs And S Pneumoniae Vaccines

Various formulations of GBS vaccines are being tested in clinical trials, but none has been approved at the time of writing . These include the Novartis trivalent conjugate vaccine the pentavalent GBS PCV by Pfizer and the formulation of GBS pilus . A recent study reported four candidate biomarkers that may be considered for further studies on GBS pathophysiology and for the development of novel vaccines . A previous study showed a systemic and mucosal immune response activity by the encapsulating C5a peptidase in mice . However, there are some challenges with progresses made in the GBS vaccine development: some have poor immunogenicity, some of the GBS conjugate vaccines also interfere with other conjugate vaccines like those against pneumococcal, meningococcal and the influenza type b . The rising issues of serotype switching and replacement are another potential limitation . Furthermore, the increase in non-encapsulated GBS strains causing diseases, calls for the evaluation of other targets as vaccine candidate . Unlike the pneumococcal vaccines, where ELISA and multiplex-opsonohagocytosis assay are acceptable standards for measuring CPS-specific antibody and functional antibody titers, the gold standard for measuring antibody titers for GBS, the radio-antigen binding assay is limited in sensitivity and unable to quantify Ig isotypes making the evaluation of vaccines even more difficult.

Table 1. Summary of different group B streptococcus vaccine candidates.

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Persons New To Canada

Health care providers who see persons newly arrived in Canada should review the immunization status and update immunization for these individuals, as necessary. Review of pneumococcal vaccination status is particularly important for persons from areas of the world where sickle cell disease is present, as persons with sickle cell disease are at risk of serious pneumococcal infections. In many countries outside of Canada, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is in limited use. Refer to Immunization of Persons New to Canada in Part 3 for additional information about vaccination of people who are new to Canada.

Medical Conditions Resulting In High Risk Of Ipd

Table 1: Medical Conditions Resulting in High risk of IPD

Non-immunocompromising conditions

IPD is more common in the winter and spring in temperate climates.

Spectrum of clinical illness

Although asymptomatic upper respiratory tract colonization is common, infection with S. pneumoniae may result in severe disease. IPD is a severe form of infection that occurs when S. pneumoniae invades normally sterile sites, such as the bloodstream or central nervous system. Bacteremia and meningitis are the most common manifestations of IPD in children 2 years of age and younger. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia is the most common presentation among adults and is a common complication following influenza. The case fatality rate of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia is 5% to 7% and is higher among elderly persons. Bacterial spread within the respiratory tract may result in AOM, sinusitis or recurrent bronchitis.

Disease distribution

Worldwide, pneumococcal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization estimates that almost 500,000 deaths among children aged less than 5 years are attributable to pneumococcal disease each year. In Canada, IPD is most common among the very young and adults over 65 years of age.

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Exit From The Colonized Host

IAV-induced inflammation stimulates both the expression of mucin glycoproteins and the flow of mucus,. There are more pneumococci in nasal secretions of pups with IAV co-infection , and only young mice shed S. pneumoniae at levels permissive for transmission. Moreover, levels of shedding correlate with the extent of URT inflammation in response to IAV infection. Toll-like receptor 2 -deficiency, which is associated with an increased viral load and, subsequently, greater inflammation, results in higher rates of transmission, and this effect is specific to the index mice. Furthermore, the effect of IAV is recapitulated by intranasal treatment of the index mice with the TLR3 ligand polyiC.

bacterial and host factors affecting pneumococcal shedding from carriers

Streptococcus pneumoniae is found predominantly in the mucus layer overlying the epithelial surface of the upper respiratory tract. Inflammation , which is induced by the pore-forming toxin pneumolysin or by co-infection with influenza virus or other respiratory viruses, stimulates secretions and increases shedding. By contrast, agglutinating antibodies such as anti-capsule immunoglobulin G and IgA1 decrease shedding unless they are cleaved by the human IgA1-specific pneumococcal protease. Capsule type and amount also influence mucus association and numbers of shed bacteria.

Who Should Get The Pneumococcal Vaccine And When Should It Be Given

The PCV7 vaccine that covered seven strains of pneumococcal bacteria, has now been updated to the PCV13 vaccine, which covers 13 strains. A PCV series begun with PCV7 should be completed with PCV13. A single additional dose of PCV13 is recommended for all children 14â59 months who have received an age-appropriate series of PCV7 and for all children 60â71 months with underlying specific medical conditions who have received an age-appropriate series of PCV7.

The PCV vaccine is recommended for the following children:

• All infants younger than 24 months should receive four doses of the vaccine, the first one at 2 months. The next two shots should be given at 4 months and 6 months, with a final booster that should be given at 12 to 15 months. Children who do not get their shot at these times should still get the vaccine. The number of doses and time between doses will depend on the child’s age.
• Healthy children ages 2 through 4 years who did not complete the four doses should receive one dose of the vaccine.

The PPSV vaccine is recommended for any adult ages 19 through 64 who smokes or has asthma and anyone ages 2 through 64 who is taking a drug or treatment that affects the body’s immune system. Examples would be long-term use of steroids, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

In addition, anyone ages 2 through 64 who has one of the following health conditions that affect the immune system should be vaccinated with PPSV:

• leaks of cerebrospinal fluid
• cochlear implant

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Side Effects Of The Pneumococcal Vaccine

Like most vaccines, the childhood and adult versions of the pneumococcal vaccine can sometimes cause mild side effects.

These include:

• redness where the injection was given
• hardness or swelling where the injection was given

There are no serious side effects listed for either the childhood or adult versions of the vaccine, apart from an extremely rare risk of a severe allergic reaction .

Disease Management In Gbs And S Pneumoniae

In 2015, the WHO recommended the use of intra-partum antibiotic prophylaxis for pregnant women who had been colonized with GBS in order to help prevent vertical transmission in the early developmental stages of neonates . IAP is also administered to pregnant women in preterm pre-labor in case of amniotic membranes rupture or disruption however, it is not recommended for pregnant women who have intact amniotic membranes, or for those with pre-labor rupture of membranes at term or near term .

For S. pneumoniae, antibiotic resistance has been reported from isolates across the globe. It is, therefore, recommended that treatment includes a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, and often vancomycin is used for pneumococcal infections until results from antibiotic sensitivity testing are available. It is interesting to note that some antibiotics like penicillin are regaining efficacy in treatment Pneumococcal vaccines also played a significant role in the reduction of pneumococcal disease burden. Over the years, several vaccines were approved for the prevention of pneumococcal infections but instances of serotype replacement represent major global hurdles .

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What Are The Possible Side Effects Of Pcv And Ppsv Vaccines

Kids may have redness, tenderness, or swelling where the shot was given. A child also might have a fever after getting the shot. There is a very small chance of an allergic reaction with any vaccine.

The pneumococcal vaccines contain only a small piece of the germ and so cannot cause pneumococcal disease.

Transmission Of S Pneumoniae

Until recently, all that was known about pneumococcal contagion was that spread requires close contact with a carrier and/or carriers , is more frequent during drier, colder months when airway secretions are more copious and is more likely to occur in conjunction with viral infections of the URT. This general ignorance about transmission was a consequence of a lack of tractable animal models and an inability to study human-to-human transmission in sufficient detail. In 2010, airborne transmission among closely housed ferrets co-infected with influenza A virus was described. Another group modelled murine transmission from index pups colonized at 4 days of age to littermate contact pups in the setting of IAV co-infection. Similar to human transmission, viral infection, close contact and younger age increased transmission. This infant mouse model has now enabled the study of the major steps during host-to-host spread, including exit from a colonized host , survival in the environment and acquisition by a new host.

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Do I Need To Pay For Pneumococcal Immunisation

Vaccines covered by the National Immunisation Program are free for people who are eligible. See the NIP Schedule to find out which vaccines you or your family are eligible to receive.

Eligible people get the vaccine for free, but your health care provider may charge a consultation fee for the visit. You can check this when you make your appointment.

If you are not eligible for free vaccine, you may need to pay for it. The cost depends on the type of vaccine, the formula and where you buy it from. Your immunisation provider can give you more information.

Symptoms And Causative Agent

Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, also called pneumococcal bacteria, pneumococci , and pneumococcus , are one of the leading causes of illness in young children. At least 90 types of pneumococcal bacteria are known to exist. As the name implies, they can cause pneumonia however, these bacteria also can cause bloodstream infections , meningitis, sinusitis, and middle ear infection, among other illnesses. Collectively, the different illnesses caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are referred to as pneumococcal disease.

Symptoms of pneumococcal disease vary based on the specific illness the bacteria have caused. Pneumococcal pneumonia symptoms include fever, chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath. When pneumococci infect normally sterile locations, so-called invasive pneumococcal disease may result. The two major types of invasive pneumococcal disease are bacteremia and meningitis . Pneumococcal meningitis symptoms include fever, headache, stiffness in the neck, light sensitivity, and disorientation. Pneumococcal bacteremia may complicate localized infections such as pneumonia and is commonly associated with high fever and shaking chills.

Invasive pneumococcal disease can be fatal survivors of meningitis may have permanent injury, including brain damage, seizures, or hearing loss.

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Pneumococcal Conjugated Polysaccharide Vaccines

Pneumococcal polysaccharides are not immunogenic in infants, but improved immunogenicity of polysaccharide-protein conjugates has been demonstrated. One of the major problems in developing a successful vaccine againstS.pneumoniae is the large number of different serotypes involved. More than 83 serotypes of the bacterium are known to cause disease, although about 10 of these account for up to 70% of disease in young children. The frequency of the serotypes can vary from year to year, from one age group to another, and from place to place. Various conjugated vaccines that include different serotype variations are already licensed , under development or undergoing clinical trial . If the vaccines prove to be successful, it is estimated that their use could reduce child deaths from pneumococcal pneumonia by up to 25%, saving over 250 000 lives a year worldwide. The development of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines has also been driven by the high incidence of inner ear infections and the severity of meningitis due toS.pneumoniae in industrialized countries. The results of some clinical trials with different vaccines of this type have been reviewed .

In , 2012

What Are The Side Effects Of The Pneumonia Vaccines

PCV13 and PPSV23 can both cause mild side effects. Both pneumococcal vaccines are given in the arm and are injected into muscle. Children and adults may experience arm soreness, swelling, or redness where the shot was injected. Other side effects that may occur in adults include:

• Fatigue

• Drowsiness

PCV13 should not be given to children at the same time as the annual flu shot, because of an increased risk of . These seizures are caused by a high fever and occur in up to 5% of children under 5. They can be scary, but dont cause any long-term health problems.

The good news is that the side effects will resolve on their own within a few days.

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Bacterial Identification And Serotyping

The European Intervention Study manual was used for isolation of bacterial strains . Nasopharyngeal samples were transferred to the laboratory using transport media swabs , and inoculated within 3 to 6h after the arrival. Samples were cultured on 5% defibrinated sheep blood agar supplemented with gentamicin and incubated at 3537°C under anaerobic conditions for 18 to 24h. Samples were also cultured on sheep blood agar with optochin disks and incubated in 5% CO2 at 3537°C for 1824h. Strains were identified as S. pneumoniae by colony morphology, negative catalase reaction, optochin susceptibility, agglutination in the Pneumo-Kit slidex test , and by the bile solubility test . Isolates were serotyped by the Quellung reaction using serotype-specific antisera .

Control Of Streptococcal Infections: Is A Common Vaccine Target Achievable Against Streptococcus Agalactiae And Streptococcus Pneumoniae

• 1Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
• 2NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
• 3West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
• 4Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique de Côte dIvoire, Abidjan, Côte dIvoire

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Do The Pneumonia Vaccines Work

The pneumococcal vaccines are very effective at preventing pneumonia and other pneumococcal diseases in both adults and children. In one large study of over 84,000 adults aged 65 and older, those who received PCV13 were less likely to get pneumococcal pneumonia than were those who received a placebo shot. The vaccine protected about 45% of vaccinated people from getting pneumonia and about 75% from getting an invasive pneumococcal disease. Invasive pneumococcal disease is the most serious type and can be life-threatening.

PPSV23 is also effective and protects at least 50% of vaccinated, healthy adults from invasive pneumococcal infections.

In children, PCV13 has decreased the amount of invasive pneumococcal disease. According to the CDC, PCV13 prevented about 30,000 cases of invasive disease in the first 3 years it was available.

Getting the vaccine not only protects you from getting pneumonia and other types of pneumococcal disease, but also protects vulnerable people around you who cant get vaccinated.

Lower Your Risk By Getting Vaccinated

In the United States, vaccines can help prevent infection by some of the bacteria and viruses that can cause pneumonia:

• Varicella

These vaccines are safe, but side effects can occur. Most side effects are mild and go away on their own within a few days. See the vaccine information statements to learn more about common side effects. Learn more about COVID-19 vaccines side effects.

Encourage friends and loved ones to make sure they are up to date with their vaccines.

World Pneumonia Dayexternal icon is observed each year on November 12th. Globally, pneumonia kills more than 670,000 children younger than 5 years old each year. This is greater than the number of deaths from any infectious disease, such as HIV infection, malaria, or tuberculosis.

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